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NIOSH REL: 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3) TWA; NIOSH considers nickel carbonyl to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990].
Current OSHA PEL: 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3) TWA
1989 OSHA PEL: Same as current PEL
1993-1994 ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm (0.12 mg/m3) TWA
Description of substance: Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty odor.
LEL: . . . 2% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm)
Original (SCP) IDLH*: 7 ppm [*Note: "Effective" IDLH = 2 ppm -- see discussion below.]
Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH could be based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] that a 30minute exposure to 7 ppm is lethal for mice [Kincaid et al. 1953]. According to AIHA [1968], the mouse 30minute LC50 is 10 ppm [Kincaid et al. 1953]. Because of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device, however, 2,000 ´ the OSHA PEL of 0.001 ppm (i.e., 2 ppm) is the concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators are permitted. With regard to the short exposure tolerance for humans, AIHA [1968] reported that a concentration of 3 ppm for 30 minutes has been suggested [Kincaid et al. 1953].
Short-term exposure guidelines: None developed
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
Lethal concentration data:
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Human Cat Rabbit Rat Mouse Mouse Mouse | Armit 1909
Brief et al. 1971 Coulston & Korte 1975 Gekkan Yakuji 1980 Kincaid et al. 1956 Kincaid et al. 1956 Kincaid et al. 1953 Kincaid et al. 1953 |
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Other human data: It has been stated that 3 ppm for 30 minutes is the probable shortterm exposure limit [Kincaid et al. 1956].
| Revised IDLH: 2 ppm
Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute toxicity data in humans [Brief et al. 1971; Kinkaid et al. 1956], an IDLH of 3 ppm would have been appropriate for nickel carbonyl. However, the revised IDLH for nickel carbonyl is 2 ppm based on being 2,000 times the current OSHA PEL of 0.001 ppm (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators; only the "most reliable" respirators are recommended above 2,000 times the OSHA PEL). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for nickel carbonyl at concentrations above 0.001 ppm.] |
REFERENCES:
1. ACGIH [1971]. Nickel carbonyl. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 180.
2. AIHA [1968]. Nickel carbonyl. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:304307.
3. Armit HW [1909]. The toxicology of nickel carbonyl. J Hyg 7:525551.
4. Brief RS, Blanchard JW, Scala RA, Blacker JH [1971]. Metal carbonyls in the petroleum industry. Arch Environ Health 23:373384.
5. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. [1975]. Heavy metal toxicity, safety and hormology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1120.
6. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22(3):455459 (in Japanese).
7. Kincaid JF, Stanley EL, Beckworth CH, Sunderman FW [1956]. Nickel poisoning. III. Procedures for detection, prevention, and treatment of nickel carbonyl exposure including a method for the determination of nickel in biologic materials. Am J Clin Pathol 26:107119.
8. Kincaid JF, Strong JS, Sunderman FW [1953]. Nickel poisoning.
I. Experimental study of the effects of acute and subacute exposure
to nickel carbonyl. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 8:4860.
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